Carp, or white amur, have been used for aquatic vegetation control in Mississippi for the past two decades. These fish, used as a "biological control" for aquatic vegetation, can be effective and cost efficient when stocked at appropriate rates and when the problem-weed species is a plant preferred by carp. Although these fish are voracious herbivores, they exhibit preferences for the softer, low-fiber, high-moisture plants when given a choice. Even when there is no alternative, grass carp will not always provide adequate control of certain plants that they do not prefer to eat.
It is important to identify the problem plant(s) properly and to choose to stock grass carp only when the problem plants are those that grass carp are proven to control. A number of studies have determined grass carp preferences of the various common aquatic plants, and results from some of that work are summarized in this publication. In some cases, although grass carp are listed in the scientific literature as preferring a certain weed, field experience in Mississippi shows them to be ineffective on a consistent basis. Those plants that grass carp do not consistently control are rated as "low" in effectiveness (Table 1).
Common Name |
Scientific name |
Preference |
Effectiveness |
| Coontail | Ceratophyllum sp. |
High |
High |
| Bushy pondweed, Naiad | Najas sp. | High |
High |
| Arrowheads | Sagittaria sp. | Moderate |
Low |
| Willows | Salix sp. | Low |
Low |
| Spikerush | Eleocharis sp. | Low |
Low |
| Hairgrass, Slender spikerush | Eleocharis acicularis | Moderate |
High |
| Cattail | Typha sp. | Low |
Low |
| Pondweed | Potamogeton sp. | Moderate |
Moderate |
| Bladderwort | Utricularia sp. | High |
High |
| Fanwort | Cambomba caroliniana | High |
High |
| Parrotfeather | Myriophyllum aquaticum | Moderate |
Moderate |
| Water primerose | Jussiea sp. | Low |
Low |
| Smartweed | Polygonum sp. | Low |
Low |
| Filamentous algae | Spirogyra sp., many others | Moderate |
Low |
| Muskgrass (algae) | Chara sp. | High |
High |
| Stonewort (algae) | Nitella sp. | High |
High |
| Planktonic algae | Many species | Low |
Low |
| Alligatorweed | Alternanthera philoxeroides | Low |
Low |
| Hydrilla | Hydrilla verticellata | High |
High |
| Water hyacinth | Eichornia crassipes | Low |
Low |
| Duckweed | Lemna sp., Spirodella sp. | High |
Low |
| White waterlily | Nymphaea odorata | Low |
Low |
| American lotus | Nelumbo lutea | Low |
Low |
| Burreed | Sparganium sp. | Low |
Low |
| Bulrush | Scirpus sp. | Low |
Low |
| Elodea | Egeria densa | High |
High |
| Water fern | Azolla caroliniana | Moderate |
Low |
| Water cress | Nasturtium officianale | Moderate |
High |
| Spatterdock, Yellow cow lily | Nuphar sp. | Low |
Low |
| Sedges | Cyperus sp. | Low |
Low |
| Eurasian water milfoil | Myriophyllum spicatum | Moderate |
Moderate |
| Frogs-bit | Limnobium spongii | Low |
Low |
| Water hyssop | Bacopa | Moderate |
Low |
| Eelgrass | Vallisneria americana | Low |
Low |
| Watermeal | Wolffia sp. | High |
Low |
Water Quality
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